Relaxation Techniques That Zap Stress Fast

1. Meditate 

A few minutes of practice per day can help ease anxiety. “Research suggests that daily meditation may alter the brain’s neural pathways, making you more resilient to stress,” says psychologist Robbie Maller Hartman, PhD, a Chicago health and wellness coach. 

The process can be simple. Sit up straight with both feet on the floor. Close your eyes. Focus your attention on reciting -- out loud or silently -- a positive mantra such as “I feel at peace” or “I love myself.” Place one hand on your belly to synch the mantra with your breaths. Let any distracting thoughts float by like clouds.

2. Breathe Deeply 

Give yourself a 5-minute break from whatever is bothering you and focus instead on your breathing. Sit up straight, eyes closed, with a hand on your belly. Slowly inhale through your nose, feeling the breath start in your abdomen and work its way to the top of your head. Reverse the process as you exhale through your mouth. 

“Deep breathing counters the effects of stress by slowing the heart rate and lowering blood pressure,” says psychologist Judith Tutin, PhD, a certified life coach in Rome, Ga.

3. Be Present

You rush through dinner, hurry to your next appointment, race to finish one more thing on your agenda. Now try something different: Slow down. 

“Take 5 minutes and focus on only one behavior with awareness,” says Tutin. Notice how the air feels on your face when you’re walking and how your feet feel hitting the ground. Enjoy the texture and taste of each bite of food as you slowly chew. When you spend time in the moment and focus on your senses, you should feel the tension leave your body.

4. Reach Out

A good social support system is one of the most important resources for dealing with stress. Talking to others -- preferably face-to-face or at least on the phone -- is a great way to better manage whatever is stressing you out.

5. Tune In to Your Body

Mentally scan your body to get a sense of how stress affects it each day. Lie on your back or sit with your feet on the floor. Start at your toes and work your way up to your scalp, noticing how your body feels. 

“Simply be aware of places you feel tight or loose without trying to change anything,” says Tutin. For 1 to 2 minutes, imagine each deep breath flowing to that body part. Repeat this process as you move your focus up your body, paying close attention to sensations you feel in each body part.

5 Quick Tips to Reduce Stress and Stop Anxiety

1. Remember: This Too Shall Pass
Laundry is piling up, the baby has a fever, and your boss wanted that report yesterday. Sound familiar? No one managing his or her own life is devoid of stress and too much of it can lead to excessive worry, nervousness, dread, upset stomach, or difficulty breathing. The first step to overcoming such negative feelings is to recognize that you are experiencing a very common emotional state most commonly identified as anxiety (learn more signs of anxiety). Although it's uncomfortable, the negative feelings WILL PASS. Fighting the anxiety can make it stronger. Paradoxically, accepting that you are feeling anxious helps activate the body's natural relaxation response.

2. Learn How to Self-Soothe
Imagine walking down a nature path only to be greeted by a snarling grizzly bear -- or worse, your boss demanding that report. When we are faced with an anxiety-inducing situation, our body's sympathetic nervous system automatically triggers physiological changes. Our breathing quickens, adrenaline is secreted, and our heart begins to race. This natural survival mechanism -- called the fight or flight response -- is intended to help us to escape a true, life threatening emergency. However, when the threat is imagined (e.g., I'm going to bomb this presentation and everyone will know I'm a fraud), the fight/flight response is unnecessary and very uncomfortable.


Self soothing techniques that reduce the stress response:

• Diaphragmatic Breathing

One of the most effective ways to activate the relaxation response is by decreasing the heart rate. Since we can't voluntarily alter our pulse, more tangible measures are needed. Luckily, a rapid heart rate can be lowered with deep breathing techniques. The most commonly utilized strategy is breathing by contracting the diaphragm, a horizontal muscle in the chest located just above the stomach cavity. Click here to learn deep breathing techniques.
*Want more help learning how to regulate your breathing and relaxation? Try the biofeedback equipment available for purchase on Amazon.com.

• Positive Self-talk

If a small child told you he was nervous about going to school the next day, what would you say? Unless you're an abusive lunatic, phrases like "you're such a dumb little kid" or "you should be nervous because no one will like you" would never leave your mouth. This is because we intuitively know how to help others combat stress sometimes better than ourselves. To increase emotional comfort, it's imperative to practice reassuring and realistic self-talk. When anxious, practice self-talk phrases such as:
"This feeling will pass."
 "I will get through this."
 "I am safe right now."
 "I am feeling anxious now, but I have the power make myself calm."
 "I can feel my heart rate slowing down."

• Muscle Relaxation

Stress causes our muscles to tighten and become tense. To increase a relaxed state and physical comfort, tighten and release muscles beginning with the largest muscle group. Watch this video to learn progressive muscle relaxation exercises.


3. Check Your Diet
What we eat and drink largely impacts our emotional state. Foods most associated with exacerbating anxiety are ones containing caffeine and alcohol. Even consumed in small amounts, studies have found that the stimulating effects of caffeine can cause anxiety, trigger panic attacks, and increase feelings of nervousness and irritability. Caffeine -- commonly found in coffee, colas, tea, and chocolate -- also causes physical symptoms such as trembling and shaking. Abruptly eliminating caffeine from the diet can lead to withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, restlessness, and irritability so it's important to decrease caffeine consumption gradually. Similarly, although alcohol is often consumed to "take the edge off" it dehydrates the body and ultimately increases anxiety.
An imbalance of bacteria in the gut can also cause many symptoms associated with anxiety and other mood disorders. Researchers at McMaster University found evidence that the balance of bacteria in your gut may have more to do with your mood than any other contributing factor, click here to learn more. 
Click here to read more about how various food and diet regimens are linked to stress and anxiety.
4. Get Moving
Most of us know that exercise is good for our physical health. For the past few decades, research has suggested that exercise is even more effective than medication (learn more from this helpful article from Huffington Post). Maintaining a regular (healthy, non-obsessive) exercise routine has been proven to reduce stress, improve mood, enhance self-esteem, and increase energy levels. During exercise, the body releases chemicals called endorphins which interact with receptors in the brain to causing euphoric feelings and reduction in physical pain. Read 13 Mental Health Benefits Of Exercise.
5. Get More Sleep
Nearly everyone feels a little crabby after a rough night's sleep. Disrupted sleep is common in many emotional disorders and it's difficult to know which started first -- stress or poor sleep. A study from the University of Pennsylvania showed that losing just a few hours of sleep increases feelings of stress, anger, sadness, and exhaustion. Click here to read 10 tips on how to increase your Zzzzzs from the National Sleep Foundation.

"People tend to think that happiness is a stroke of luck, something that will descend like fine weather if you are fortunate. But happiness is the result of personal effort. You fight for it, strive for it, insist upon it, and sometimes even travel around the world looking for it. You have to participate relentlessly." ― Elizabeth Gilbert

copy from:  http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/finding-cloud9/201308/5-quick-tips-reduce-stress-and-stop-anxiety

How To Study For Exam: 12 Steps

  copy from: http://www.wikihow.com/Study-For-Exams

 

Steps

1. 
   1
   Create a timetable. Budget your time wisely to ensure that you cover all the topics covered in the exam. Remember to take regular breaks and get out and exercise.
   Ad
2. 
   2
   Rewrite your notes to aid memory. Rewriting your notes is great if you're a kinesthetic learner. Mind mapping is the most effective way of doing this. Also, when you re-write something, you will probably think about what you are writing, what it's about, and why you wrote it down. Most importantly, it refreshes your memory. If you took notes a month ago and just found out that those notes will be relevant in your exam, rewriting them will remind you of them when you need it for your exam. Memorising things sometimes do not help. You learn, not recite from memory, so make sure you understand what you are trying to learn.
3. 
   3
   Find the right hours. Don't study when you're really tired. It's better to get a good night's sleep after studying for a short time, than to push on at two in the morning. You won't remember much and you're likely to see a performance drop the next day.
4. 
   4
   Don't cram. Cramming the night before is proven to be ineffective, because you're taking in so much information at once that it's impossible to memorize it at all — in fact, you'll hardly retain anything. I know it's been preached to you many times before, but it's true: Studying before and going over it multiple times really is the best way to learn the material. This is especially true with things like history and theoretical subjects.
5. 
   5
   Different subjects call for different studying. If it's math you're studying for, work on the problems. Don't just read over it like you would for a history class, because you can actually do math, but you can seldom do history. Working problems out will help burn them into your mind, and remember: if you can't solve the problem before the exam, you won't be able to solve it on the exam either. For subjects based on calculations, it is important to do questions because this is essentially how you are going to be tested.
6. 
   6
   If you are studying for a more social subject, re-read your notes, or re-write them! Make sure you know what you're talking about(rather than just memorizing your notes)!
   • Don't simply copy your notes over and over again. This tends to lean towards memorizing the exact wording of your notes instead of the actual concepts. Instead, read and think about the contents of your notes (such as think of examples), and then re-word them.
7. 7
   Choose good surroundings. How do you study best? In your PJ's and your favorite t-shirt? With music or without? In your room or outside? You probably won't be able to study effectively with distractions like family members and outside noises. Some strategies for managing your surroundings include:
   
   
   • Make sure you are studying in a clean, quiet and orderly room. This may necessitate leaving your house. Public libraries are usually a good option. Be aware that food is likely not allowed and you will be expected to keep the silence.
     
   • Studying in a dark room is not recommended. Add lamps at night, or in the daytime, open the window coverings(open the window a little, too). People tend to study and focus better in a brighter, oxygenated room with little noise.
     
   • Turn the TV off, more often than not. Some people like to have the TV on quietly in the background. This can cut both ways in that it can distract you from time to time, but also can help you to continue studying. It may be beneficial to begin studying with the TV on in the background, and then turning it off once you're under way. The combination of visual and audio stimuli will likely reduce your studying performance, as it makes it more difficult for your brain to prioritize information acquisition (rapidly swapping attention between studying and watching TV).
     
   • Music's effect on memory performance varies between individuals. Some studies have found music to aid the memory performance of individuals with ADD/ADHD, while reducing it in individuals without the disorder. Music can be motivating (making studying more enjoyable) while still detracting from memory performance. You must determine whether you're better off with or without it. If you cannot bring yourself to study without music, it may be worth the minor negative effect it can have on memory.
     
8. 
   8
   Take breaks. You need some time to have fun and it is better to revise when you are feeling relaxed than to exhaust yourself studying all day! The only caveat is, you need to avoid procrastination.
   • If you have trouble bringing yourself to study, instead of long uninterrupted sessions, chunk your work into 20 minute periods, taking a 10-minute break at the end of every period. You can vary this time to your comfort (i.e 45 minute periods with 20 minute breaks), though try to keep the ratio of more work over break time. Make sure that you structure the chunks logically so that you're not breaking up concepts across chunks, as this may make it more difficult to remember concepts in their entirety.
9. 
   9
   Plan ahead. Always create a plan before you start studying. Remember that this plan has to be achievable. If 3 out of 5 lessons are easy and can be finished fast, finish them first, so you can spend quality time on the difficult lessons without fretting. Small tricks like these will help you complete your portions quickly.
10. 
    10
    Review your notes. When you are finished studying one page of your notes, before you move on to the next page, ask yourself questions relating to the material on that page to see if you have remembered what you just studied. It also helps to say the answers to your questions out loud as if you were trying to explain it to someone else.
    • Ask yourself: What is my teacher most likely to ask on the exam? What materials should I focus on to give myself the best chance of knowing what I need to know? What trick questions or wrinkles could my teacher introduce that might throw me for a loop?
11. 
    11
    Ask for help. If you need help, ask someone who is good at these subjects. Friends, family, teachers are all good options. If you don't understand what the person helping you is communicating, don't be afraid to ask them to elaborate.
12. 12
    Be prepared on the big day. On the day of your exam, look at your notes before the exam so that the information is still fresh in your head.
    
    
    • Get plenty of rest the night before. Children in elementary school require on average 10-11 hours of sleep for optimal performance, while adolescents in high school require between 8-10 hours of sleep on average. Poor sleep has been found to accumulate (referred to as "Sleep debt"); in order to make up for prolonged poor sleep habits, several weeks of daily optimal sleep may be required to return to optimal performance.
      
    • Eat a balanced breakfast full of lean protein, vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants. A sample breakfast might include a spinach omelet with smoked salmon, whole wheat toast, and a banana.
      
    • Get to the exam room with time to spare. Give yourself at least five or 10 minutes to gather your thoughts before starting the exam. That means being in the exam room five to 10 minutes before the exam starts.
      

how to success in career

Tips to succeed in your career

Because the world has become so competitive, you will have to do your best to secure your share of success. The following are tips to get you ahead in your career.

1. Priorities and goals

What are your priorities of the day? Make a list and of your priorities and plan your day. The tasks of the day must be outlined with the most important and urgent ones on top.
Likewise determine your short-term and long-term goals and evaluate your progress frequently.

2. Be focused

Are you really present physically and mentally. Try to block out all distractions so that you have the time to truly focus on your tasks and career.

3. Broaden your skills

Nothing remains the same and so do job requirements. Update your knowledge and skills. Seek improvement of your know-hows. Attend seminars, conferences, read books, be an eternal learner.

4. Socialize

Be ready to participate in social functions. Be open to new acquaintances. Meet new people and deal with them respectfully and enthusiastically. Be an active listener; you will surely learn something new...

5. Know your merits

Know your strengths and weaknesses. If you think you deserve a position or promotion, claim it.

6. Accept challenge

Through challenge you will reach areas of your personality you have never discovered before. It is a good idea to step away from your comfort zone to explore new horizons. If you settle into a routine and play it safe all the time, you will never get ahead in your career. 'If you always do what you've always done, you'll only get what you've already got'

7. Communication

Learn to communicate effectively. Listen to what others are saying and focus on how to give and receive constructive feedback, to persuade effectively and to ask for help and collect information.

8. Avoid gossip

Avoid office gossip about colleagues and the boss. Be respectful and work for the good of the company.

9 Relax

Relax and do something different, a hobby that you love doing. Take time off for yourself. This will help boost your productivity during week days.

10. Seek satisfaction

If you are disappointed with what you are doing, try to transform it into something you love. If you fail, it might be a good idea to do something different. As Confucius said: 'Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. '



copy from:  http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/reading-tips-for-career-success.php

RANCANGAN PERNIAGAAN DASHAFAR

RANCANGAN PERNIAGAAN

PENANAMAN CENDAWAN SECARA KOMERSIAL

 

RANCANGAN PERNIAGAAN PENANAMAN CENDAWAN SECARA

KOMERSIL DI LOT 129, KUALA NERANG, KEDAH.

NAMA SYARIKAT : DAHSHAFAR (AS-123456-P)

LOKASI : KUALA NERANG, KEDAH

KELUASAN : 50 EKAR

PEJABAT : NO 41 TAMAN DESA SAPURA, KUALA NERANG

TELEFON/FAX :+6011-19104553

TARIKH : 23 MAC 2013

ISI KANDUNGAN

A. Matlamat

B. Pihak Yang Terlibat

C. Pemilihan Penanaman Cendawan

D. Lokasi Projek

E. Perancangan Pengeluaran

F. Analisa Pengeluaran dan Kewangan

G. Rancangan Pemasaran

H. Pembangunan Perniagaan

I. Pelan Tindakan bagi Risiko dijangkakan

J. Tenaga kerja

K. Pelan Perancangan penanaman

A.    MATLAMAT

1.      Melibatkan diri sebagai generasi muda bumiputera di dalam sektor pertanian secara komersil terutama pertanian menggunakan teknologi tanpa pengggunaan tanah yang luas disamping menyahut hasrat kerajaan untuk menjadikanpertanian adalah sebuah bentuk perniagaan yang menguntungkan.

2.      Kadar jualan melebihi RM 250,000.00 setahun

3.      Menjadi projek pertanian contoh secara khususnya bagi tujuandan latihan bagi kemententerian Pertanian.

4.      Menyediakan peluang pekerjaaan sampingan kepadamasyarakat setempat.

5.      Bagi pengeluaran 200kg sehari, pekerja kontrak yangdiperlukan bagi proses penyediaan beg adalah seramai 10-15orang dan pembungkusan adalah seramai 10 orang.

B.     PIHAK YANG TERLIBAT

1. ProjekCendawan (Kedah AgroFarm) / Belia 4B- Pengusaha

2. Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia – Pembimbing Projek

3. FAMA- Pemasaran dan logistic

4. MARDI- Khidmat Nasihat Teknikal

5. Bank Pertanian – pembiaya Kewangan Projek

C.     PEMILIHAN CENDAWAN TIRAM

1.      Secara amnya cendawan tidak memerlukan penggunaan tanah sebagai medium pertanian bahan buangan iaitu habuk kayu getah merupakan media utama.

2.      Penggunaan ruang yang efektif kerana beg cendawan disusundi atas rak.

3.      Berpotensi memaksimakan dan mempelbagai penggunaantanah kebun getah, kelapa sawit, buah-buahan atau kawasanrumah kampong seperti kawasan Felda.

4.      Kebolehan perancangan pengeluaran dilakukan keranapusingan (fruiting ) boleh dijangkkakan.

5.      Pengerakan harga bulanan yang stabil ( sumber wartabarangan 2000 FAMA)

6.      Cendawan Tiram mempunyai beberapa variety sepertiCendawan Tiram Kelabu, Putih, Merah Samar, Biru dan Kuning

D. LOKASI PROJEK

Tanah Pertanian di Kg. Baru Kuala Nerang, Kuala Nerang milik Koperasi Peladang, atas pajakan selama 10 tahun seluas 50 ekar. Dinilai perjanjian selama RM 300 Ribu secara usahasama dengan syer 30%. Tapak Projek dipilih berasaskan faktor berikut:

1.      Berada di didalam lingkungan 120 KM dari Pulau Pinang ( hubpemasaran ) bagi kemudahan pemasaran dan logistik sayuranyang mudah rosak. Kawasan yang termasuk di dalam KoridorUtara.

2.      Kawasan persekitaran yang bersih dikelilingi oleh pokok bagimenghalang pencemaran terutama asap kenderaan kerana iaterletak kira-kira 1 KM dari jalan utama.

3.      Lokasi tersebut mempunyai prasarana kemudahan asas sepertibekalan air paip, elekterik dan jalan yang lengkap.

4.      Berdekatan dengan kawasan kampong bagi kemudahantenaga kerja ini juga bagi menyediakan peluang pekerjaansampingan kepada masyarakat setempat khususnya bagi belia- belia di sekitar daerah Kuala Nerang, Kedah.

E. PERANCANGAN PENGELUARAN

Faktor utama berikut adalah penting merancang pengeluaran dan pengiraan.

Penghasilan

1.      Tempoh Pemeraman – selepas menyuntik benih 45 hari

2.      Masa rehat (fruiting interval) di antara pungutan hasil adalah10 hari.

3.      Tempoh Matang selepas penutupan dibuka adalah 3 hari( ditutup semula pada hari ke 5)

4.      kekerapan penghasilan sebanyak 4 kali

5.      Campuran Media : 100:10:1 Habuk kayu 500gm/beg

6.      Biji benih: 1 Botol / 25 beg

7.      pengeluaran : 200kg sehari

8.      Hasil per berg: 60 gm

9.      Upah kerja

a.      Penyediaan beg 17 sen beg

b.      Pembungkusan 7 sen beg

c.       Pengurusan RM 10,000 Sebulan

10.  Sewa RM 300 sebulan

11.  Pemasaran

a.      Berat Bersih 10gm / pek

b.      Harga RM 4.00/kg

Keperluan Peralatan Pengeluaran.

12.  Pondok Cendawan ( 2 Unit) – dua (2) unit pondok perludibina bagi sesuatu matlamat pengeluaran. Satu unit bagimenempatkan beg cendawan bagi penghasilan semasa dansebuah lagi menempatkan beg cendawan gantian selepaspondok pertama habis pengeluaran hasil.

13.  Pengukusan (2 unit) – kapasiti muatan untuk satupengukus dalam 1000 beg. Bagi pengeluaran 200kg sehari,bagi menyuntik 3,833 beg beg sehari 2 pengukus diperlukanbagi memenuhi matlamat ini.

•        Beg cendawan akan dikukus sela a12 jam dan akandibiarkan sejuk selama 48 jam sebelum benih disuntik.

•        Pengukusan akan dibuat pada suhu minima 100°C bagimenyahkuman campuran media.

14.  Sistem Penyemburan kabus (mist sprinker system)(2unit) – perlu dibina bagi mengawal suhu di dalam pondoksupaya kurang daripada 28°C dan peratus kelembapanmelebihi 80%.

15.  Mesin Pembancuh – bagi menimatkan tenaga kerja danmemperolehi campuran media yang sekata.

16.  Kelengkapan lain – termasuklah peralatan dan servispembasmian serangga perosak, peti sejuk dan elektrik sepertilampu.

17.  Bilik suntik dan stor – keperluan menyediaan bilikkhusus bagi bilik suntik untuk meminimakan kerosakan dan bilikstor habuk bagi mengurangkan kerugian atau lebihpenggunaan bahan media.

F. ANALISA PENGELUARAN DAN KEWANGAN

1. Faktor Utama Kos

Penyediaan Peralatan dan Bangunan RM 136,724

Pondok Cendawan

1.      2 pondok cendawan memerlukan 38 ribu iaitu 22.79%dari jumlah keseluruhan pembiayaan.

2.      Satu pondok disediakan bagi menghasilkan semasa dan satu pondok tambahan diperlukan bagi menampungpenghasilan selepas pondok pertama telah tamat tempohpenghasilan.

3.      Ia juga disediakan kerana masa pemeraman sebelumpenghasilan adalah selama 45 hari.

4.      Muatan pondok perlu menempatkan jumlah keseluruhanbeg cendawan untuk sesuatu penghasilan bagi mengelakpembaziran ruang.

5.      Setiap pondok akan dibahagikan kepada 3 seksyentertutup bagi menimakan risiko jangkitan penyakitcendawan.

Pengukus

1.      2 unit pengukus menelan belanja RM 10 ribu iaitu 6%daripada belanja pembiayaan.

2.      Pengukus merupakan alat kritikal kerana faktor berikutperlu diambil kira bagi penempatan cendawan.

•        Muatan pengukus mesti dapat menampungmatlamat pengeluaran sehari.

•        Masa yang diambil bagi mengukus beg cendawanadalah selama 12 jam pada suhu 100C.

•        Masa yang diperlukan bagi menyejukkan begcendawan pada suhu bilik adalah selama 48 jam.

3.      Dua pengukus diperlukan bagi pengeluaran cendawan 200kgsehari pengukusan sebaik-baiknya dilakukan semasa waktusiang bagi mengelakkan kesilapan.

Perbelanjaan tetap (overhead) Pengurusan dan Sewa.

1.      Jumlah sebenar kos ini adalah RM 18,197 bagi setiap pusinganpenanaman.

2.      Jumlah ini adalah 10.91% daripada belanja pembiayaan atauRM 0.40 per beg atau RM 0.38 bagi setiap RM.

3.      Kadar Kos ini bagi setiap beg akan menurun jika pengeluaranditingkatkan. Sebagai contoh kenaikan pengeluaranditingkatkan. Sebagi contoh; kenaikan pengeluaran sebanyak 5kg sehari akan menurrunkan kos ini sebanyak 1.56% bagisetiap ringgit atau mengurangkan kos per beg sebanyak 0.01.

Perbelanjaan Operasi – RM 33,074 (58%) semusim

1.      Perbelanjaan yang diperlukan bagi menyediakan 46 000 begcendawan semusim dan membungkus 200kg pek cendawansehari adalah 29,496.50.

2.      Ini merupakan 16.49% daripada jumlah pembiayaan atau RM0.40 per beg atau bernilai RM 0.58 bagi setiap RM.

3.      Kadar Kos ini adalah berkadar terus dengan jumlahpenghasilan yang dirancang.

4.      Hasil pendapatan bagi pusingan semasa akan disimpan bagijumlah bagi perbelanjaan operasi untuk keperluan pusinganberikutnya.

5.      Habuk kayu getah sebagai media asas penanamanmenyumbang sebanyak 13.91% kepada jumlah perbelanjaanoperasi.

                                                                                                              

Keperluan pengurangan kos dan memaksimakan penggunaan peralatan,

1.      Mengurangkan kos

a.      Meningkatkan jumlah penghasilan setiap beg. Antara faktoryang perlu diambilkira adalah cuaca panas yang akanmembantutkan pembesaran cendawan atau menyebabkancendawan menjadi kering dan ringan.

b.      Bagi tujuan ini sistem penyemburan akan diaktifkan secaraautomatik sekiranya suhu melebihi 28 C dan bagi mengekalkankelembapan udara pada minima 80C.

c.       Memaksimakan penggunaan ruang pondok cendawan danpengukus. Rekabentuk pondok perlu dirancang bagimenempatkan jumlah keseluruhan beg yang diperlukan bagisetiap pusingan pada satu beg. Ini bagi mengelakanpercampuran beg cendawan antara penanaman semasa danpenanaman berikutnya.

d.      Oleh kerana kos pengurusan dan operasi adalah tetap, satu-satunya cara mengurangkan kos ini adalah denganmenambahkan jumlah pengeluaran.

2.      Masa rehat (Inter-fruiting) dan penghasilan

a.      Masa rehat diantara setiap kutipan hasil.

                                                              i.      Penambahan masa rehat penghasilan (fruiting interval) akanmenyebabkan penambahan jumlah beg cendawan.

                                                            ii.      Ini akan menyebabkan kos penyediaan peralatan dan kos tetapakan turut meningkatkat kerana lebih lama masa yang diperlukanuntuk mengeluarkan hasil.

                                                          iii.      Jika lebih lama masa yang diperlukan untuk pengeluaran hasil,tempoh pembayaran balik pinjaman juga akan meningkat.

b.      Penghasilan setiap beg.Penghasilan setiap beg adalah amat penting kerana penghasilansetiap beg yang akan tinggi akan mengurangkan jumlah beg yangdiperlukan.

c.       Penambahan kekerapan penghasilan (fruiting cycles)

                                                              i.      Penambahan penghasilan daripada 4 kali daripada 5 kali akanmeningkatkan nisbah pendapatan kepada modal tetapimeningkatkan pembayaran pinjaman.

d.      Harga

Untuk tujuan pengiraan harga pasaran bernilai RM 4.00 sekilogramadalah digunakan. Kenaikan harga akan memberikan kesan yang positif kepada semua faktor kos dan pembayaran pinjaman.

e.       Kesan perubahan konstan:

KONSTAN	PENGELUARAN	HARGA	HASIL/BEG	MASA REHAT & MATANG	MASA PEMERAMAN

Secara amnya 2 faktor berikut akan memberikan kesan positif ke atas projek tanpa melibatkan pembiayaan tambahan.

·         Penambahan penghasilan setiap beg

·         Kenaikan harga cendawan.

f.        Pendapatan sampingan

                                                              i.      Pelupusan media sebagai baja kompos

§  Selepas tamat penghasilan semasa, media yang digunakandapat dijual sebagai baja kompos atau sebagai bahancampuran membuat baja kompos.

§  Bagi setiap penanaman terdapat 13,800 kg buangan yangdapat dikumpulkan

§  Sekiranya dijual pada harga borong RM 1.00 sekilogrampendapatan sampingan yang boleh didapati adalah RM13,800.

                                                            ii.      Penjualan beg cendawan Siap.Beg cendawan siap boleh dijualkan kepada pengusaha kecil yangtidak mampu menyediakan perusahaan modal kapital atau bagi isirumah yang mahu mendekati perusahaan cendawan tiram bolehmembeli beg yang telah siap disuntik pada harga RM 1.50. Puratakos penyediaan adalah RM 1.03

g.      Pembiayaan dan pulangan:

Pinjaman pembangunan	RM 136,724
Pinjaman Operasi	RM 30,027
Jumlah keseluruhan	RM 166,751
Pendapatan tahun Pertama	RM 360,500
Tempoh pembayaran Pinjaman	602 hari / 1 tahun 8 bulan 2 hari

Analisa kewangan (Tempoh projek @ 15 tahun)

NPV@10%                              RM482,967

IRR                                          95.18%

B/C @ 10%                             6.69

G. RANCANGAN PEMASARAN

Peringkat permulaan

1.      Pemasaran akan dilakukan melalui Lembaga PemasaranPertanian Persekutuan (FAMA).

a.Dilakukan bagi membolehkan pengusaha menumpukanperhatian kepada pengurusan dan penanaman.

b.FAMA akan membantu dari segi logistik dan pasaran.

c. Memperolehi pengalaman dan kebolehpercayaansebelum memasuki pasaran terbuka secara sendiri.

2.      Pembekalan dilakukan melalui kontrak bekalan.

a.Cara kedua: konsep jaminan pasaran 100%Kaedah permulaan bagi permulaan projek melalui pinjaman bank.

Peringkat kedua

        I.            Pemasaran masih lagi dijalankan melalui FAMA tetapimenggunakan kontrak bekalan berbeza.

•        Cara pertama : konsep jaminan pasaran ikut peratus

     II.            Kaedah yang akan digunakan setelah pinjaman dilunaskan ataumendapat kepercayaan daripada pasaran terbuka.

•        Pemasaran akan dilakukan sendiri kepada pasaraya, pasarborong, pasar basah dan mana-mana ruang atau kaedahajualan yang ada bagi mendapatkan harga yang maksima.

•        Pemasaran selain daripada FAMA akan dipecahkan mengikutperatuh bagi mengelak pergantungan kepada sesuatu ruangpasaran sahaja.

H. PEMBANGUNAN PERNIAGAAN.

Peningkatan pengeluaran

a.      Ini dapat dilakukan melalui 2 kaedah.

                                                              i.      Pelaburan keatas unit sedia ada dengan menambahperalatan. Ini akan mengakibatkan syarikat terpaksamengeluarkan belanja sendiri atau mengambil pinjaman.

                                                            ii.      Rangkaian pembekal (sub-vendor). Syarikat mempunyaipembekal tetap bagi menampung keperluan dan peningkatanpengeluaran tanpa melibatkan pelaburan sendiri

Rangkain pembekal (sub-vendor) – networking

a.      Sebelum ini kaedah ini dapat dilaksanakan beberapa asas perludilakukan

b.      Pemasaran tidak bergantung sepenuhnya kepada FAMA.

c.       Syarikat berupaya bersaing di pasaran luar seperti pasarayadan meliputi kawasan luar daripada Kelang.

d.      Contoh daripada harga Pemborong Alor Setar,

•        Harga borong semua hasil pembekal RM 4.70

•        Harga borong hasil pembekal mengikut jumlah yangditetapkan RM 4.90

•        Harga belian secara mengejut atau diluar daripersetujuan – RM 5.00

•        Pasa asasnya, harga borong dari DMI adalah RM 5.00– RM 6.00

e.       Kelebihan kaedah ini ini adalah

•        Sokongan pembekalan yang mantap bagi memenuhi pasaran sedia ada. Masalah Utama pasaran sekarang adalahpembekalan yang tidak konsisten.

•        Membantu pengeluar kecil dengan menyediakan ruangpemasaran bagi mereka teruatama pengeluar bumiputera.

•        Kegagalan utama mereka adalah kapasiti pengeluaran yangkecil dan kurang upaya menyediakan bekalan konsisten.

•        Faktor harga yang perlu diambilkira dengan menetapkan hargaminima. Sekiranya harga pasaran cendawan jatuh dibawahharga minima, peningkatan kos akan berlaku danmenyebabkan ramai pengeluar hilang keupayaan operasi.

I. PELAN TINDAKAN BAGI RISIKO DIJANGKAKAN.

Cendawan adalah sensitive kepada pencemaran dan cuaca dan ia memerlukan persekitaran yang bersih dan suhu yang terkawal.

A.    suhu dan kelembapan

                                                              i.      suhu yang panas akan membantutkan pengeluaran cendawandan pembesarannya

                                                            ii.      alat penyemburan kabus ( Mist Sprinkler System) dipasang didalam setiap rumah cendawan bagi melembapkan suhupondok sekiranya suhu melebihi tahap yang ditetapkan.

                                                          iii.      Atap rumah cendawan juga akan disiran secara manual 2 kalisehari bagi menurunkan suhu di dalam pondok danmembersihkan rumah cendawan daripada habuk ataudebunga tumbuhan yang lain.

                                                          iv.      Bangunan dan peralatan.

o   Jadual pembersihan bagi kawasan dalam pondok sepertimenyapu perlu dibuat bagi memastikan bahan yang menugkinmengundang serangga perosak.

o   Pembinaan dinding simen setinggi 6 inici ke atas dan bawahpermukaan tanah bagi mengelakkan serangga atau binangyang merayap dan memasuki pondok.

o   Umpan binatang perosak seperti lipas, semut, tikut juga akandiletakkan di dalam pondok.

o   Alat pembunuh serangga (electrical Insect Killer), jika perludipasang bersama dengan jarring halus bagi menghapuskanserangga.

o   Bilik suntikan perlu dibina dari bahan yang tidakmengeluarkan habuk halus terutamanya bahagian dinding.

o   Pintu masuk ke mana-mana bahagian kawasan pengeluaranatau simpanan benih perlu ditutup selalu dan hanya personelyang berkenaan sahaja yang memasukinya jika perlu.

o   Benih cendawan dibekalkan oleh pembekal yang terjaminkualitinya.

o   Proses dikontaminasi akan dilakukan kepada bilik suntiksetiap kali sebelum pusingan digunakan, rumah cendawandan rak selepas tamat setiap pusingan pemeraman.

D. Persekitaran

                                                              i.            Pembinaan longkang bagi menghalang kemasukan air kedalam pondok, gudang simpanan dan tempat habuk kayu.

                                                            ii.            Persekitaran perlu selalu dibersihkan memotong rumput dikawsan sekitar bagi mengelakkan pembiakan seranggaterutamanya nyamuk.

                                                          iii.            Perbanyakkan penanaman pokok di sekeliling kawsan bagimerendahkan suhu.

E. Personel

                                                                                I.      Hanya personel / pekerja yang berkenaan sahaja bolehmemasuki pondok dan bilik suntikan.

                                                                             II.      Penggunaan pakaian pelindung akan dikuatkuasaan jika perlubagi mengehadkan kemasukkan personel ke dalam pondokterutamanya pelawat.

                                                                           III.      Personel tidak dibenarkan membawa makanan, minuman kedalam pondok cendawan atau merosokok di dalam kawasan pengeluaran terutamanya kawasan simpanan habuk bagimengelakkan kebakaran.

J. TENAGA KERJA

Pengurusan

a.      Pengurus Besar: Mohd Izwan Bin Mohd Khalit, 27 tahunBekas Pegawai Teknologi Maklumat di KementerianPelajaran Malaysia.Mempunyai pengalaman didalampengurusan maklumat dan perancangan bagi berskala besardi dalam pemasaran.

b.      Penyelia Teknikal : En Sabri Bin Rusli 27 Tahun yangmempunyai kemahiran teknikal di dalam bidang elekterik dan elektronik akan membantu di dalam segi pembinaanstruktur. Beliau akan membantu secara terus bagi projek dikawasan Negeri Kedah.

c.       Penyelia Tanaman: Haji Zakaria, 36 Tahun mempunyai SijilPertanian Institut Pertanian Malaysia akan membantupengendalian projek secara terus.

Operasi

a.      Pengendalian harian kos operasi akan dilakukan secarakontrak mengikut pengeluaran seperti yang dicatatkan di dalamjadual kos.

b.      3 orang pekerja tetap digunakan bagi tujuan pengendalian danpenjagaan operasi.

K. PELAN PERKIRAAN PENANAMAN

ANGGARAN KEPERLUAN MEMULAKAN PROJEK CENDAWAN

(PERUNTUKAN RM 20,000)

PERKARA	KUANTITI	ANGGARAN (RM)	CATATAN
1. BINAAN DAN PERALATAN
1.1 Bangunan 1 – Rumah Cendawan ( 415’ X 40) • Ruang menyimpan media (5’5) • Ruang menggaul media, bagging dan kukus, beg media dan simpan barang (10’X10’) • Bilik suntik benih (5’X5”) • Ruang pungut hasil (15” x 30”)	1 unit	14,500	Ruang memungut hasil memuatkan 3,600 beg cendawan (anggaran hasil 12kg/hari) Anggaran jualan hasil : 12kg x RM 5X 30 hari = RM 1800/bulan
1.2 Set dapur, pengukus beg @ RM 500/set	2 set	1,000
1.3 Tutup, leher & penyumbat beg @ 15 sen/set	7,200 set	1,080	Boleh dipakai selama 3 tahun.
1.4 Peralatan menyiram & peralatan kecil-baldi, pencedok dll.	1 set	100
JUMLAH		16,8680

2. BAHAN PENANAMAN CENDAWAN ( UNTUK 3,600 BEG/MUSIM X 2 MUSIM/ TAHUN = 7,200 BEG/TAHUN)
2.1 Habuk kayu @ 20 sen/kg	3,600kg	720	500gm/beg
2.2 Dedak halus @ 50sen/kg	360kg	180	500gm/beg
2.3 Kapur pertanian @20sen/kg	36kg	72	5gm/beg
2.4 Plastik PP 6”X13”, 0.6 @ RM8/kg	36kg	288	200kpg/kg
2.5 Benih Cendawan @ RM 1.20	240 botol	288	30 beg /botol
2.6 Gas @ 7 sen/beg	7,200 beg	504	Kadar pengukusan menggunakan tong dram
2.7 Penggunaan air		100
2.8 Pelbagai – Klorox, Alkohol		68
2.9 Upah pekerja @ RM 550 X 2 Bulan Pertama	1 pekerja	1,100	Upah perkerja di bulan ketiga diambil dari jualan hasil cendawan.
JUMLAH		3,320
JUMLAH BESAR		20,000

ANGGARAN KEPERLUAN MEMULAKAN PROJEK CENDAWAN

(PENDAPATAN KASAR RM 3,000/BULAN)

PERKARA	ANGGARAN (RM)	CATATAN
1. BINAAN DAN PERALATAN
1.1 Bangunan I – Rumah penyediaan (20’X15’) • Ruang menyimpan media (5’X10’) • Setor (3’X10’) • Ruang menggaul media, bagging & kukus beg media (10’X15’) • Bilik suntik media (7’X10’)	7,000
1.2 Bangunan II – Rumah Cendawan 20’X 40’ (termasuk rak beg media)	16,000	Ruang memungut hasil memuatkan 6,000 beg cendawan anggaran hasil 20kg/hari
1.3 Set dapur, pengukus beg, 2 set @ RM 500 /set	1,000
1.4 peralatan menyiram 1 set	100
1.5 Pelbagai peralatab kecil-baldi/pencedok dll	300
JUMLAH	24,400

2. BAHAN PENANAMAN CENDAWN ( UNTUK 6,000 BEG/MUSIM X 2 MUSIM/ TAHUN = 12,000 BEG SETAHUN
2.1 Habuk kayu, 6,000 kg @ 20 sen	1,200	3,000kg/ 1 musim
2.2 Dedak halus 600kg @ 50 sen	300	300kg/ 1 musim
2.3 kapur pertanian 60kg @ 20 sen	12	30kg/ 1 musim
2.4 Tutup, leher & penyumbat beg 12,000 set @ 15 sen	1,800	Boleh dipakai semula untuk 3 tahun
2.5 Plastik PP 6”X 13” , 0.6 @ RM 8kg	480	200kg.kg
2.6 benih Cendawan 400 botol @ RM 1.20	240
2.7 Gas @ 7 sen/beg x 12,000 beg	840
2.8 Penggunaan air & api	200
2.9 Pelbagai	400
JUMLAH	5,472
JUMLAH BESAR	29,872

PERKIRAAN PENDAPATAN KASAR RM3,000/SEBULAN

Penghasilan 20kg/hari	• Tiap beg dianggarkan 50/gm /kutipan • Setiap hari perlu buka beg media 400 bg/hari (400 beg x 50 gm = 20 kg) • Setiap beg media diselangi 15 hari sekali kutipan hasil. • Perlu ada : 400 beg media x 15 hari = 6,000 beg media
Hail harian cendawan	20kg/harian dengan jualan harga jualan RM5/kg
Pendapatan kasar harian	20kg x RM 5.00 = RM 100/Hari